{"id":10458,"date":"2015-10-08T21:07:24","date_gmt":"2015-10-09T04:07:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=10458"},"modified":"2015-10-08T21:07:24","modified_gmt":"2015-10-09T04:07:24","slug":"eas-ix-tyler-maccready-on-swarm-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/eas-ix-tyler-maccready-on-swarm-science\/","title":{"rendered":"EAS IX: Tyler MacCready on Swarm Science"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>One of your editor\u2019s favorite books is <em>An Exaltation of Larks<\/em>, James Lipton\u2019s compilation of venereal terms (not what you think) for plurals of animals.\u00a0 Squires who aspired to become knights had to learn over 100 such terms, according to Sir Walter Scott.\u00a0 Terms of venery (references to animal flesh) include a school of fish, a litter of puppies, and a nest of vipers (going back to at least the King James version of St. Paul\u2019s words).<\/p>\n<p>One lesser known term, a <em>murmuration of starlings<\/em>, relates to Tyler MacCready\u2019s talk on how control of the Future Crowded Skies at EAS IX might mimic the flocks of birds we see swarming and precipitously changing directions in swooping formations.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Swarming Starlings in Rome\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8V6qUUWa4zk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Obviously, the numbers of Sky Taxis envisioned by Dr. Brien Seeley will not come close to equaling the flocks of starlings over Rome or any other major city, but we\u2019ve also seen that air traffic control is becoming saturated with increased traffic and that Sky Taxis would have to rely on something that would transcend current sequencing and separation protocols.<\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.allaboutbirds.org\/how-do-starling-flocks-create-those-mesmerizing-murmurations\/\">the Cornell Lab of Ornithology<\/a>, \u201cIn 2010, Andrea Cavagna and colleagues at the National Council of Research and the University of Rome used advanced computational modeling and video analysis to study this question. They found that\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2010\/06\/11\/1005766107.abstract\">starling flocks model a complex physical phenomenon<\/a>, seldom observed in physical and biological systems, known as scale-free correlation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Cavagna\u2019s researchers found there was not necessarily a single leader, but the flock acted as an indivisible whole, and \u201cthat starlings in large flocks consistently\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ploscompbiol.org\/article\/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002894\">coordinate their movements with their seven nearest neighbors<\/a>. \u00a0\u00a0They determined that starlings coordinated through a form of group communication that has a high signal-to-noise ratio.<\/p>\n<p>Concepts being studied at MacCready\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/oceanlab.com\/\">Ocean Lab<\/a>, at least part of which is devoted to \u201cenabling the future\u2019s crowded skies.\u201d\u00a0 The Lab\u2019s study of collective behavior will be instructive in defining how to deal with the potentially successful CAFE Foundation vision that would have 10 times the number of current airports, 10 times the airplanes at each airport and thousands of aircraft aloft during rush hour.\u00a0 The management challenges might seem staggering, based on today\u2019s central control philosophy.<\/p>\n<p>Each pilot takes his or her cues from a central controller in an air traffic control (ATC) facility, whether it\u2019s a Flight Service Station or control tower.\u00a0 Distributing that control would allow greater flexibility of individual movement, suggested by the \u201cfree flight\u201d movement that would take aircraft away from federal airways, where pilots could create unique navigation solutions for varying weather and other circumstances.\u00a0 ADS-B, or Automatic Dependent Surveillance \u2013 Broadcast is one approach to giving greater freedom of flight, but still relies on broad area controls \u00a0from central authorities and GPS position reporting.\u00a0 Based on other aircraft GPS reports, ADS-B helps keep different craft separate.<\/p>\n<p>Birds and fish may have visual acknowledgement of their fellow creatures near them and the seemingly random movements of large \u201cswarms\u201d of those creatures.\u00a0 As perhaps hundreds of Sky Taxis converge on or depart from a pocket airpark, the closeness of so many aircraft will require different kinds of flight management.\u00a0 Even GPS and ADS-B may have difficulty in meeting this complex management challenge.<\/p>\n<p>Tyler\u2019s Ocean Lab web site defines several goals of his group.\u00a0 \u201cOur Mission is to facilitate the growth of the Swarm Robotics industry. We are developing systems for distributed mapping and distributed intervention in aquatic settings.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur approach is based on managing complexity to effectively guide a group of vehicles without being distracted by the detailed behavior of the individuals. We are developing hardware, software and methods to make swarms useable. We call these solutions Swarm Tools\u2122\u00a0and they include:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSwarm-appropriate vehicles\u00a0\u2013 We follow a philosophy of group support that seeks to keep individual vehicles as simple as possible and maximize the benefits of being in a group, such as distributed sensing and more accurate relative positioning.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDistributed architecture\u00a0\u2013 Our proprietary neighbor-sensing technology enables highly redundant system integration and situational awareness, able to accommodate the limitations of aquatic communication.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cScalable logistics\u00a0\u2013 We have solutions for handling large numbers. At the front end we are developing solutions for group charging and set-up. At the back end we are developing solutions for group data collating.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cApplications\u00a0\u2013 collaboration with oceanographers we are pioneering applications where a swarm yields superior results over single AUV methods.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cManagement interface\u00a0\u2013 We seek to maximize swarm agility while protecting the operator from complexity. Our swarms can be guided as a large, fluid mass. For oceanographers, the group delivers a map of real-time distributed data and can be actively guided to target areas of maximum interest.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Birds might show a solution for crowded skies, according to Tyler.\u00a0 Flocking algorithms devised by programmers like Craig Reynold, whose <a href=\"http:\/\/www.red3d.com\/cwr\/boids\/\">web page on \u201cBoids\u201d<\/a> is illuminating, shows that birds rely on separation, alignment and cohesion to navigate in large groups and to interface with man-made objects in their path.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/hal.elte.hu\/~vicsek\/\">Tamas Vicsek<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/fizika.elte.hu\/en\/index.php?page=tanszek&amp;tid=5\">Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University<\/a> in Budapest, Hungary took the Boids algorithms and expanded on them to understand how pigeon flocks, among other avian creatures, also used hierarchies to determine group flight paths.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Craig Reynolds - Original 1986 Boids simulation\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/86iQiV3-3IA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Tyler explained that factors of attraction, orientation and repulsion between birds are distance dependent, with the birds repelled by close neighbors and attracted by distant neighbors.\u00a0 This might help them have a simultaneous view of the overall shape of the flock with more detailed views of their immediate neighbors.<\/p>\n<p>Started negatively, crowds are a problem, but through following laws of attraction and repulsion, can end positively.\u00a0 Birds prefer groups which allow them a greater situational awareness, with neighbors acting as sensors.\u00a0 This cooperative flight can manifest itself in acts such as lift sharing, as shown by Phil Barnes\u2019 albatross or flocks of pelicans overlapping the downwash from their wingtips.<\/p>\n<p>Such biomicry will certainly be useful in finding ways to provide safe arrivals and departures at pocket airparks in the future.<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Feas-ix-tyler-maccready-on-swarm-science%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of your editor\u2019s favorite books is An Exaltation of Larks, James Lipton\u2019s compilation of venereal terms (not what you think) for plurals of animals.\u00a0 Squires who aspired to become knights had to learn over 100 such terms, according to Sir Walter Scott.\u00a0 Terms of venery (references to animal flesh) include a school of fish, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6680,14],"tags":[6777,6778,6787,6780,6774,6786,6789,6776,6784,6150,6785,6788,6775,1081,6779,6783,6781,6782,511],"class_list":["post-10458","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-electric-aircraft-components","category-sustainable_ga","tag-boids","tag-air-traffic-control-atc","tag-an-exaltation-of-larks","tag-andrea-cavagna","tag-biomimicry","tag-budapest-hungary","tag-cornell-lab-of-ornithology","tag-craig-reynolds","tag-department-of-biological-physics","tag-eas-ix","tag-eotvos-university","tag-james-lipton","tag-ocean-lab","tag-phil-barnes","tag-swarning","tag-tamas-vicsek","tag-the-national-council-of-research","tag-the-university-of-rome","tag-tyler-maccready"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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