{"id":11891,"date":"2018-08-30T22:02:17","date_gmt":"2018-08-31T05:02:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=11891"},"modified":"2018-09-18T13:36:47","modified_gmt":"2018-09-18T20:36:47","slug":"biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy\/","title":{"rendered":"BioLEC &#8211; First There was Light, Then There Was Energy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Futurism <\/em>\u00a0ponders, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/futurism.com\/biolec-new-chemistry\/\">Sugar, Light, And A New Type of Chemistry<\/a> \u2014 What It May Take To Wean Us Off Fossil Fuels\u201d in an article by Dan Robitzki.\u00a0 The topic brings a new term into your editor\u2019s vocabulary \u2013 BioLEC \u2013 Bioinspired Light Escalated Chemistry.\u00a0 The goal of such chemistry is to use the energy of two photons, \u201cthe tiniest quantifiable units of light, to power chemical reactions.\u201d\u00a0 This takes us into how trees and other photosynthesizing plants use quantum theory to make things grow.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trees Have Been Doing it For Years<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Magical Leaf: The Quantum Mechanics of Photosynthesis\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_RSKI5A_lsg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s a bit odd to think of trees and quantum physics in the same sentence.\u00a0 Your editor used to think of sunlight striking leaves and chemistry taking place in a leisurely way inside while the tree or bush grew.\u00a0 It turns out that things take place at light speed inside the tree, with quantum activity in abundance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Outdoing Mother Nature?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Researchers have tried to outdo Mother Nature with artificial leaves.\u00a0 One of the early proponents of this approach, <a href=\"https:\/\/isen.northwestern.edu\/fuels-to-food-from-sunlight-air-and-water-prof-daniel-nocera-harvard\">Daniel Nocera of Harvard claimed <\/a>,\u201cThis hybrid microbial | artificial leaf system, called the bionic leaf, operates at unprecedented solar-to-biomass (10.7%) and solar-to-liquid fuels (6.2%) yields, greatly exceeding the 1% yield of natural photosynthesis.\u201d\u00a0 He and his partner, Pamela Silver, continue to expand that potential.\u00a0 Other researchers such as Nathan Lewis at CalTech, have their own programs with varying means of using enhanced photosynthesis.<\/p>\n<p>To further such research, the U.S. Department of Energy set aside $100 million this year to fund <a href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/news\/2018\/07\/05\/doe-energy-frontier-research-center-princeton-focus-bioinspired-light-escalated\">22 new Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC)<\/a> and renew several others. One of them, a new lab at Princeton University, is slated to receive almost $11 million over four years.\u00a0 Their team is attempting to power the world with plants and industrial waste.<\/p>\n<p>Gregory Scholes, a Princeton chemist and the Director of the BioLEC project, thinks that we can achieve that by using BioLEC to duplicate what happens inside a leaf in the laboratory \u2013 and then control the process to gain desired outcomes.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/news\/2018\/07\/05\/doe-energy-frontier-research-center-princeton-focus-bioinspired-light-escalated\">As reported in a Princeton news item, <\/a>\u201cUnder the leadership of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chemistry.princeton.edu\/faculty\/scholes\">Gregory Scholes<\/a>, the William S. Tod Professor of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chemistry.princeton.edu\/\">Chemistry<\/a>, the research center will seek to \u2018employ light harvesting and advances in solar photochemistry to enable unprecedented photo-induced cross-coupling reactions that valorize abundant molecules.\u2019 \u00a0The center aims to revolutionize chemist\u2019s ability to make new molecules, fuels, and materials by using the collective energy of two packets (quanta) light to break and make strong chemical bonds. A new range of chemical building blocks will be picked apart, aided by the sun\u2019s energy, and crafted into new structures with valuable functions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Carbon-based substances such as sugar or alcohol, according to <em>Futurism<\/em>, \u201cContain a chain of carbon atoms connected to an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom (OH).\u201d\u00a0 Apparently the bonds linking carbon atoms are hard to break.\u00a0 adding an extra photon would weaken that bond.<\/p>\n<p>Robitzki explains, \u201cIf we could break down those bonds, we could create jet fuel, which is another molecule mostly made up of carbons. On paper, it seems easy to get from alcohols to fuel \u2014 just link the carbons together in a certain way and discard the oxygen atoms in the form of pure water.\u201d\u00a0 Making jet fuel, however, requires the added energy of a second photon to break all the bonds.\u00a0 Right now, that\u2019s too hard for \u201ceven the \u00a0most advanced scientific tools we have.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>This Takes a Special Kind of Sharpshooter<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>That extra photon would have to hit a catalyst, striking it \u201cWith\u2026 \u00a0a <em>very precise<\/em> amount of energy at the exact right time to the exact right part of something that\u2019s too small to see. There\u2019s so much precision required, in fact, that no one has been able to figure it out.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven National Lab\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KjzH1csesx4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Starting with things abundant in nature, including light itself, and making fossil-free fuels without going through the messy and dangerous processes those involve would certainly be a blessing to the planet.\u00a0 Robitzki speculates that if we can extract jet fuel from sugar cane, we should be able to use the same techniques to extract useable products from industrial waste or garbage.\u00a0 He sees this as a way to drive down the cost of energy and \u201cGet rid of the carbon emissions that come from burning these fuels once we have them.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Scholes says, \u201cWe think our research will work because nature uses similar principles in photosynthesis.\u00a0 It sort of sounds simple. \u2018Oh, absorb light twice.\u00a0 It\u2019s a lot more difficult than that. We have all sorts of strategies, and that\u2019s why it takes all sorts of people.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Accelerator Test Facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/d-izbV6pGJo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Scholes and his team also have\u00a0 the \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bnl.gov\/bnlweb\/PDF\/Factsheet\/FS-LEAF.pdf\">Laser Electron Accelerator Facility (LEAF)<\/a>. Located at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bnl.gov\/world\/\">Brookhaven National Laboratory<\/a>, one of two facilities in the country\u2026 \u00a0capable of a technique called pulse radiolysis that might just break those carbon bonds \u2014 and that new field of chemistry \u2014 wide open.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>If Big, Dumb Plants Can Do It\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Shooting \u00a0powerful, extremely short-lived bursts of electrons through the molecules being studied. LEAF observes the resulting reactions.\u00a0 \u201cThese electron beams collide with and energize the molecules, which triggers chemical reactions that break and form new, powerful bonds between the atoms in that molecule.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The BioLEC team observes the billionth-of-a-second reactions, and study the intermediate steps of that reaction.\u00a0 They will somehow observe \u201call of the various structures and shapes that the molecules assume as they respond to the added energy, as Matthew Bird, a chemist at the Brookhaven National Lab who works at LEAF, explains to <em>Futurism<\/em> via email.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The article concludes, \u201cIt\u2019s a daunting task. In such early stages, it\u2019s impossible to know whether or not Scholes and his team can accomplish all their goals in just four years. But he is optimistic that they can do it. After all, the underlying science already exists. If a whole bunch of big, dumb plants can figure out how to absorb a second photon, why can\u2019t we?<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u2019It is super exciting, actually, to think about what we could achieve, and to bring colleagues and people together to do this,\u2019\u00a0 Scholes says. \u2018I think what\u2019s exciting to me is there\u2019s gonna be some real high-impact science along the way. This is not incremental work.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fbiolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Futurism \u00a0ponders, \u201cSugar, Light, And A New Type of Chemistry \u2014 What It May Take To Wean Us Off Fossil Fuels\u201d in an article by Dan Robitzki.\u00a0 The topic brings a new term into your editor\u2019s vocabulary \u2013 BioLEC \u2013 Bioinspired Light Escalated Chemistry.\u00a0 The goal of such chemistry is to use the energy of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[8832,3249,8823,8824,8825,8826,8827,8833,8828,8829,8830,4054,8831],"class_list":["post-11891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-uncategorized","tag-biolec-bioinspired-light-escalated-chemistry","tag-brookhaven-national-laboratory","tag-dan-robitzki","tag-energy-frontier-research-centers-efrc","tag-futurism-com","tag-gregory-scholes","tag-laser-electron-accelerator-facility-leaf","tag-matthew-bird","tag-pulse-radiolysis","tag-quantum-physics","tag-the-center-for-functional-nanomaterials","tag-u-s-department-of-energy-doe","tag-victor-tangermann"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>BioLEC - First There was Light, Then There Was Energy - CAFE Foundation Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"BioLEC - First There was Light, Then There Was Energy - CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Futurism \u00a0ponders, \u201cSugar, Light, And A New Type of Chemistry \u2014 What It May Take To Wean Us Off Fossil Fuels\u201d in an article by Dan Robitzki.\u00a0 The topic brings a new term into your editor\u2019s vocabulary \u2013 BioLEC \u2013 Bioinspired Light Escalated Chemistry.\u00a0 The goal of such chemistry is to use the energy of [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-08-31T05:02:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-09-18T20:36:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dean Sigler\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e9c06a89f78d39fc03473ec90f4902a7\"},\"headline\":\"BioLEC &#8211; First There was Light, Then There Was Energy\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-08-31T05:02:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-09-18T20:36:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/biolec-first-there-was-light-then-there-was-energy\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1062,\"commentCount\":0,\"keywords\":[\"BioLEC \u2013 Bioinspired Light Escalated Chemistry\",\"Brookhaven National Laboratory\",\"Dan Robitzki\",\"Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC)\",\"Futurism.com\",\"Gregory Scholes\",\"Laser Electron Accelerator Facility (LEAF)\",\"Matthew Bird\",\"pulse radiolysis\",\"quantum physics\",\"The Center for Functional Nanomaterials\",\"U. 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