{"id":11909,"date":"2018-09-26T18:57:44","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T01:57:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=11909"},"modified":"2018-09-26T18:57:44","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T01:57:44","slug":"al-bowers-and-the-bell-shaped-curve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/al-bowers-and-the-bell-shaped-curve\/","title":{"rendered":"Al Bowers and the Bell-Shaped Curve"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Al Bowers has promoted a different kind of lift distribution curve for wings in his talks at the Experimental Soaring Association\u2019s Western workshop, held every Labor Day weekend at Mountain Valley Airport in Tehachapi, California.\u00a0 Most aerodynamics textbooks model the elliptical lift distribution as an ideal to be achieved in wing design.\u00a0\u00a0 R. J. Mitchell, designer of the classic Spitfire fighter, incorporated an elliptical planform, which serendipitously allowed room for the Browning machine guns in the capacious inboard sections.\u00a0 What could be wrong with that when the finest sailplanes exploit that same theory in their slender spans?<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Inside NASA&#039;s Prototype Lab Where Model Planes Test the Future of Flight\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TTKE-xw_c48?start=201&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Albion Bowers is retiring Chief Scientist at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, Edwards Air Force Base.\u00a0 His experiments with an alternative way of spreading the lift across a wing have inspired several large models of how a wing with a bell-shaped lift distribution curve might appear &#8211; and perform.\u00a0 Two years ago, he and Erich Chase, a well-known build of high-end boats, brought a full-sized 49.2 foot (15 meter) hang glider wing to the Workshop. It was displayed with an equally low-drag passenger\/cargo pod the next spring in San Francisco.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Interns Help Drive Progress<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To achieve so much, Al has mentored a large number of NASA interns, 13 of 22 women this last year \u2013 a number and a cause he vigorously supports.\u00a0 Interns have helped build and instrument the ever larger models of his Prandtl-D and Prandtl-M flying wings.\u00a0 They have flown them on the dry lakes that ring Edwards, with accumulated data showing them to perhaps be the lowest-drag wings in the world.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Aero-TV: NASA&#039;s Prandtl-D Project - Preliminary Research Design to Lower Drag\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0Oh0Q0Dv28I?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>His interview with Jim \u201cZoom\u201d Campbell of Aero-News Network gives an abbreviated rendition of Al\u2019s research and the ideas that led to his Prandtl-D and \u2013M wings.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13141\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PrandtlM-wing-Justin.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13141\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13141\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PrandtlM-wing-Justin-528x396.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"396\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-13141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Justin Hall spreads mold release on female mold from which Prandtl-M wings will be pulled. Some of his handiwork may fly on Mars someday<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Your editor and friend Mary Maxwell recently visited the model shop at NASA Armstrong where Al Bowers gave us a grand tour.\u00a0 We watched Justin Hall pull Prandtl-M skins from highly accurate female molds, and were able to hold these small wings which will someday descend through the thin Martian atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"PRANDTL-M Successful Test Flights #NASA\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-a_5s5l40Io?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Prandtl-D number 3 took up a large part of the shop, and Al and Mary were able to demonstrate the extreme downwash at the wing\u2019s tips \u2013 part of the way in which the wing achieves low drag and proverse yaw.\u00a0 It also helps stabilize the wing in flight with excellent results for trim and handling.\u00a0 Al is most excited that the well-instrumented model was able to return data in its last flights, validating Al\u2019s theories and providing a basis for further development.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13139\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/mary-with-prandtlD-wing-small.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13139\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13139\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/mary-with-prandtlD-wing-small-528x396.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"396\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-13139\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Note distinct difference between angle of airfoil at root and at tip. Angle differences around 12 degrees are necessary to achieve bell-shaped lift distribution.\u00a0 Note to photographer &#8211; tell your subjects when you&#8217;re ready to take the picture<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Prandtl and the Hortons <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Interestingly, Al noted that Ludwig Prandtl and the Horton Brothers included discussions of the bell-shaped curve in their writings, but neither referenced the other\u2019s findings in their own documentation. \u00a0For whatever reason, only the elliptical distribution became the standard all these years.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13140\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yb49-takeoff.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13140\" class=\"size-large wp-image-13140\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/yb49-takeoff-528x417.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"417\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-13140\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Northrop YB-49 flying wing bomber on its first test flight in 1947<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Ironically, Captain Glen Edwards, for whom Edwards Air Force Base is named, was flying the prototype B-49 bomber, a flying wing, when it crashed in the Mojave Desert not far from the base on June 5, 1948.\u00a0 The cause may have been aerodynamic flutter caused by the airplane exceeding its red-line velocity.\u00a0 One wonders if today\u2019s triple-redundant computer controls \u2013 or even a bell-shaped lift distribution might have helped avert that tragedy.<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fal-bowers-and-the-bell-shaped-curve%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Al Bowers has promoted a different kind of lift distribution curve for wings in his talks at the Experimental Soaring Association\u2019s Western workshop, held every Labor Day weekend at Mountain Valley Airport in Tehachapi, California.\u00a0 Most aerodynamics textbooks model the elliptical lift distribution as an ideal to be achieved in wing design.\u00a0\u00a0 R. J. Mitchell, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[8864,8865,8866,683,7022,8867,8868,8869,7325,8870,8871,8872],"class_list":["post-11909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-sustainable_ga","tag-aero-news-network","tag-albion-bowers","tag-captain-glen-edwards","tag-edwards-air-force-base","tag-horton-brothers","tag-jim-zoom-campbell","tag-justin-hall","tag-ludwig-prandtl","tag-nasa-armstrong-flight-research-center","tag-northrop-yb-49","tag-prandtl-d-glider","tag-prandtl-m-glider"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Al Bowers and the Bell-Shaped Curve - CAFE Foundation Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/al-bowers-and-the-bell-shaped-curve\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Al Bowers and the Bell-Shaped Curve - CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Al Bowers has promoted a different kind of lift distribution curve for wings in his talks at the Experimental Soaring Association\u2019s Western workshop, held every Labor Day weekend at Mountain Valley Airport in Tehachapi, California.\u00a0 Most aerodynamics textbooks model the elliptical lift distribution as an ideal to be achieved in wing design.\u00a0\u00a0 R. 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