{"id":12363,"date":"2020-01-19T23:50:30","date_gmt":"2020-01-20T06:50:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=12363"},"modified":"2020-01-19T23:50:30","modified_gmt":"2020-01-20T06:50:30","slug":"pigeon-feathers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/pigeon-feathers\/","title":{"rendered":"Pigeon Feathers!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We lag behind nature in many areas, and constantly need to remind ourselves of our relative ignorance of her many secrets.\u00a0 Feathers are a case in point, and Stanford University researchers found that, unable to duplicate the nature of these lightest of airborne structures, they needed to use the real thing in their latest drone.<\/p>\n<p>The IEEE Spectrum reports, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/automaton\/robotics\/drones\/artificial-feathers-let-drones-morph-their-wings-like-birds\">The few attempts at making artificial feathers that we\u2019ve seen in the past<\/a>\u00a0have been sufficient for a few specific purposes\u00a0but haven\u2019t really come close to emulating the capabilities that real feathers bestow on the wings of birds. So\u00a0a century later, we\u2019re still doing the rigid wings with discrete flappy bits, while birds (one has to assume) continue to judge us for our poor choices.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4><strong>A Feathery Primer<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Before looking at Stanford University\u2019s Pigeonbot, we will indulge a few minutes learning how complex a seemingly simple feather really is.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Bird feathers\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6VdVAipRgvA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Those wishing to delve deeper can turn to a marvelous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thorhanson.net\/feathers.html\">book by Thor Hanson, <em>Feathers, The Evolution of a Natural Miracle<\/em>.<\/a>\u00a0 Hanson recounts the evolution and biology of feathers and tosses in compelling anecdotes.\u00a0 One such explains that the most expensive things lost in the sinking of the Titanic (aside from the 1,200 lives) were $400,000 (millions now) in mainly ostrich feathers bound for New York milliners \u2013 part of the feather craze in fashion then.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>The Trouble with Feathers<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>As seen in the near-microscopic analysis of feathers in the first video, <a href=\"https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/automaton\/robotics\/drones\/pigeonbot-uses-real-feathers-to-explore-how-birds-fly\">feathers are extraordinarily complex, with properties that seem to vary between velco grabbiness and banana-like slipperiness<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Unable to duplicate those characteristics and complexity, researchers at Stanford University had to find another way to plume their robotic pigeon.\u00a0 David Lentink, assistant professor of mechanical engineering and head of<a href=\"https:\/\/lentinklab.stanford.edu\/\"> Stanford&#8217;s\u00a0Bio-Inspired Research &amp; Design (BIRD) Lab<\/a>, explains the difficulties. \u201cFeathers aren\u2019t just more complicated to manufacture, but you have to find some way of replicating and managing all of the complex feather-on-feather interactions that govern wing morphing in real birds. For example, by examining real feathers, the researchers discovered that adjacent feathers stick to each other to resist sliding in one direction only using micron-scale features that researchers describe as \u2018directional Velcro,\u2019 something \u2018new to science and technology.\u2019 Real feathers can slide to allow the wing to morph, but past a certain point, the directional Velcro engages to keep gaps from developing in the wing surface. There are additional practical advantages, too: \u2018they are softer, lighter, more robust, and easier to get back into shape after a crash by simply preening ruffled feathers between one\u2019s fingers.\u2019<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Simplifying Control<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>While feathers themselves may be irreproducible, Lentink\u2019s student researchers discovered that \u201cbirds maintain control by morphing the shape of their wings,\u201d which turned to be relatively simple to imitate.\u00a0 The student-made PigeonBot uses a pair of \u201cbiohybrid morphing wings\u201d with mechanical undergirding and real feathers.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"PigeonBot Uses Real Feathers to Explore How Birds Fly\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NjN7nXVBiwk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Morphing consists of movements about two joints on the bird\u2019s wings corresponding to the wrist and finger joints on a human.\u00a0 Lentink found that simply movements of the finger joints could induce rolling, \u201cand that this technique is inherently much more stable than the aileron roll used by conventional aircraft.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_14891\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-wing.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14891\" class=\"wp-image-14891 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-wing-528x352.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"352\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-14891\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">With the real feathers elastically connected to a pair of robotic bird wings with wrist and finger joints that can be actuated individually, PigeonBot relies on its biohybrid systems for maneuvering. Image: Lentink Lab\/Stanford University<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>\u201cThe other cool thing we found is that the morphing wing asymmetry results automatically in a steady roll angle. In contrast aircraft aileron left-right asymmetry results in a roll rate, which the pilot or autopilot then has to stop to achieve a steady roll angle. Controlling a banked turn via roll angle is much simpler than via roll rate. We think it may enable birds to fly more stably in turbulence, because wing asymmetry corresponds to an equilibrium angle that the wings automatically converge to. If you are flying in turbulence and have to control the robot or airplane attitude via roll rate in response to many stochastic perturbations, roll angle has to be actively adjusted continuously without any helpful passive dynamics of the wing. Although this finding requires more research and testing, it shows how aerospace engineers can find inspiration to think outside of the box by studying how birds fly\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Researchers are not patenting their discoveries, having \u201cdecided \u2026 to help proliferate our discovery to the benefit of society at large\u201d in the hopes that anyone who makes a huge pile of money off of it will (among other things) invest in bird conservation in gratitude.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In future, Lentink wants to add a biohybrid morphing tail, legs with grasping feet, and additional actuators.\u00a0 Perhaps he can find a way to do away with the un-bird-like propeller, a giveaway that might not impress other avian creatures.<\/p>\n<h4>A Wind Tunnel for Birds<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_12365\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12365\" class=\"size-large wp-image-12365\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-lead-image-stanford-bird-wind-tunnel-528x352.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-lead-image-stanford-bird-wind-tunnel-528x352.jpg 528w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-lead-image-stanford-bird-wind-tunnel-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-lead-image-stanford-bird-wind-tunnel-768x512.jpg 768w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-lead-image-stanford-bird-wind-tunnel.jpg 900w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-12365\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lentink in Stanford wind tunnel for birds and drones<\/p><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-BIRD-wind-tunnel.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-14890\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/pigeon-BIRD-wind-tunnel-528x297.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"297\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fpigeon-feathers%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We lag behind nature in many areas, and constantly need to remind ourselves of our relative ignorance of her many secrets.\u00a0 Feathers are a case in point, and Stanford University researchers found that, unable to duplicate the nature of these lightest of airborne structures, they needed to use the real thing in their latest drone. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9572,15,14],"tags":[9960,9961,9962,9963,9964],"class_list":["post-12363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-biomimicry","category-electric_powerplants","category-sustainable_ga","tag-biohybrid-morphing-wings","tag-david-lentink","tag-feathers-book","tag-stanfords-bio-inspired-research-design-bird-lab","tag-thor-hanson"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pigeon Feathers! - CAFE Foundation Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/pigeon-feathers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pigeon Feathers! - CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We lag behind nature in many areas, and constantly need to remind ourselves of our relative ignorance of her many secrets.\u00a0 Feathers are a case in point, and Stanford University researchers found that, unable to duplicate the nature of these lightest of airborne structures, they needed to use the real thing in their latest drone. 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