{"id":12423,"date":"2020-06-02T21:23:31","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T04:23:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=12423"},"modified":"2020-06-10T20:40:20","modified_gmt":"2020-06-11T03:40:20","slug":"making-greener-than-green-hydrogen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/making-greener-than-green-hydrogen\/","title":{"rendered":"Making Greener-Than-Green Hydrogen"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What if we could make \u201cclean\u201d hydrogen from plain water, with none of the problems associated with coal, oil or gas extraction and the waste byproducts produced in extracting brown or blue H2?\u00a0 Several approaches such as artificial leaves have been developed, but a totally different new approach seems incredibly promising.\u00a0 A promising approach may lead to greener-than-green hydrogen.<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><b>The Race to Invent the Artificial Leaf<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Varun Sivaram, in his book <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taming the Sun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discusses how Nate Lewis at Caltech and Daniel Nocera at Harvard \u201cdetermined to find a way to wring fuel out of thin air.\u201d\u00a0 Each has created an \u201cartificial leaf\u201d that emulates the photosynthesis performed naturally by real leaves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Travel Deep Inside a Leaf - Annotated Version | California Academy of Sciences\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pwymX2LxnQs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A real leaf is far more complex than one would imagine, and the chemical interactions inside even more so.\u00a0 For all that, photosynthesis is only one percent efficient.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A commercially viable artificial leaf would solve several of the trickiest challenges in clean energy. It would create a way to directly and affordably store solar energy while producing a carbon-neutral fuel that could transform the transportation sector, even offering a way to make long-distance air travel environmentally sustainable.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h4><b>Daniel Nocera<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Artificial Leaves Replicate Photosynthesis? | Horizons | BBC\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/J556uXwrjII?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/nocera.harvard.edu\/Research\">Daniel Nocera<\/a> succeeded in making a playing card-size artificial leaf, but had difficulty in scaling it to useful size.\u00a0 After starting a company called Catalyx, he partnered with Indian industrial giant Tata to bring a larger leaf-based system to market.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_G._Nocera\">According to <\/a><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wikipedia, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ideal was to create a stand-alone miniature plant capable of providing enough \u2018personalized energy\u2019\u00a0 to power a small home.\u201d\u00a0 Lockheed-Martin bought Catalyx, but found scaling the processes to be too expensive.\u00a0 Nocera continues with his Nocera Lab at Harvard to explore, \u201cThe chemistry of renewable energy.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>Nathan S. Lewis<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Beating nature at its own game\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ae8CLc3wXYs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nathan S. Lewis created his own artificial leaf years ago, and has expanded that research into a new and quite literal field.\u00a0 Head of the Lewis Research Group (Making Fuels From Sunlight) at the California Institute of Technology,\u00a0 Lewis is also Editor-in-Chief of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/journals-books-databases\/about-journals\/energy-environmental-science\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy and Environmental Science<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, published by the Royal Society of Chemistry.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Research Group has an optimistic outlook for its products.\u00a0 \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solar fuels would provide the same quality and quantity of energy services that end-users are used to, without a massive change in infrastructure, and hence would produce \u201cdrop-in\u201d fuels that could serve critical sectors of the energy economy both in the developed and developing world.\u00a0 The feedstocks for solar fuels are abundant: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen from the air.\u00a0 Solar fuels are sustainable and produce no net carbon dioxide emissions.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two major obstacles block the way forward: high costs for solar-generated fuels and the need for, \u201cradically new materials and system designs, that can be installed simply and at low costs.\u201d\u00a0 Noted in the video, materials and systems are a major part of Lewis\u2019 teaching and his Group\u2019s endeavors.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>IRENA Says It\u2019s Still a Reach<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2019\/Sep\/IRENA_Hydrogen_2019.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">major report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on green hydrogen published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in September warned that the fuel \u201cshould not be considered a panacea.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cA hydrogen-based energy transition will not happen overnight,\u201d their report states. \u201cHydrogen will likely trail other strategies such as electrification of end-use sectors, and its use will target specific applications. The need for a dedicated new supply infrastructure may limit\u00a0 hydrogen use to certain countries that decide to follow this strategy. Therefore, hydrogen efforts should not be considered a panacea. Instead, hydrogen represents a complementary solution that is especially relevant for countries with ambitious climate objectives.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>\u201cGreener Than Green Hydrogen\u201d<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps IRENA and others are too pessimistic.\u00a0 A new project in Lancaster, California will become the world\u2019s largest hydrogen production facility when it achieves full operation in 2023.\u00a0 Able to generate up to 11,000 kilograms (24,200 pounds) per day or 3.8 million kilograms (8.36 million pounds) per year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lancaster promises a \u201cguaranteed feedstock of recyclables,\u201d about 42,000 tons per year &#8211; mostly wastepaper to start with, and possibly followed with the many things that bedevil recyclers and landfills, such as plastic, tires, textiles and even food garbage.\u00a0 In return, the City will save $50 to $75 per ton in \u201clandfilling and landfill space costs,\u201d or about $2.1 million per year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will have cleaner air, eliminating the many Diesel-fueled trips to landfills outside the city, and the methane released from those landfills.\u00a0 Better still, the extraordinarily high temperatures of the process enable pollution-free disposal of materials without burning any fossil fuels.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>SPEG<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SGH2 was started by a pioneer in plasma technology &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solena Plasma Enhanced Gasification (SPEG) &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0explained on their web site.\u00a0 \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SGH2\u2019s unique gasification process uses a plasma-enhanced thermal catalytic conversion process optimized with oxygen-enriched gas. In the gasification island\u2019s catalyst-bed chamber, plasma torches generate such high temperatures (3500\u00ba-4000\u00ba C), that the waste feedstock disintegrates into its molecular compounds, without combustion ash or toxic fly ash. As the gases exit the catalyst-bed chamber, the molecules bound into a very high quality hydrogen-rich biosyngas free of tar, soot and heavy metals. The syngas then goes through a Pressure Swing Absorber system resulting in hydrogen at 99.9999% purity as required for use in Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell vehicles. Our process extracts all carbon from the waste feedstock, removes all particulates and acid gases, and produces no toxins or pollution. The end result is high purity hydrogen and a small amount of biogenic carbon dioxide, which is not additive to greenhouse gas emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"SPEG Technology\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/411145543?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A very short video shows the plasma, so hot it becomes a fourth state of matter, used to eliminate pollutants from the process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"SGH2 Plasma Technology\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/415287425?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h4><b>Economical and Clean<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SGH2 provides <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sgh2energy.com\/technology\/#hic\">two tables:<\/a> one that highlights the economy of their H2 production, and another that shows its self-powering aspect.\u00a0 The latter seems counter intuitive, but would be a boon in not requiring as much supporting infrastructure as other hydrogen production techniques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>SGH2 claims their &#8220;greener than green&#8221; hydrogen is five to seven times cheaper than green hydrogen made by electrolysis, and cost competitive with hydrogen made from coal or oil.\u00a0 U. S. Production costs are projected to be around $2 per kilogram.\u00a0 The firm compares that to brown hydrogen produced from cheap coal in India, which costs US$2 per kg.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Blue hydrogen\u00a0 costs between US $5 to $7 per kg. in the U. S., and $7 to $11 in Europe and Australia.\u00a0 Green hydrogen produced through electrolysis using renewable power costs US $10 to $15 per kg, depending on availability.\u00a0 Other, dirtier methods are less expensive, but at the cost of polluting more.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">SGH2&#8217;s &#8220;stacked modular design is built for rapid scale and linear distributed expansion, at lower capital costs, and on a fraction of the land required for large scale solar and wind farms. All engineering and construction is standardized and quality assured, performed in collaboration with the largest engineering, procuring and construction companies in the world such as Fluor Group.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The company claims one other advantage.\u00a0 &#8220;Unlike other green hydrogen production from electrolysis with intermittent renewable energy like wind or solar, the SPEG process operates on a year-round base load capacity, and therefore can produce hydrogen at scale more reliably.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Opening in less than two years, the Lancaster plant will soon be able to demonstrate its capabilities, and whether they live up to the company&#8217;s claims.\u00a0 Demo plants in Europe have shown a high probability of success.<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fmaking-greener-than-green-hydrogen%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What if we could make \u201cclean\u201d hydrogen from plain water, with none of the problems associated with coal, oil or gas extraction and the waste byproducts produced in extracting brown or blue H2?\u00a0 Several approaches such as artificial leaves have been developed, but a totally different new approach seems incredibly promising.\u00a0 A promising approach may [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6686,7555,6806],"tags":[10051,10042,10043,629,2294,10046,3288,10052,10053,10054,10055],"class_list":["post-12423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-biofuels","category-fuel-cells","category-hydrogen-fuel","tag-bill-gates","tag-blue-hydrogen","tag-brown-hydrogen","tag-caltech","tag-daniel-nocera","tag-green-hydrogen","tag-harvard-university","tag-international-renewable-energy-agency-irena","tag-lancaster-california","tag-nathan-s-lewis","tag-plasma"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Making Greener-Than-Green Hydrogen - CAFE Foundation Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What if we could make \u201cclean\u201d hydrogen from plain water, with none of the problems associated with coal, oil or gas extraction and their waste byproducts?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/making-greener-than-green-hydrogen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Making Greener-Than-Green Hydrogen - CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What if we could make \u201cclean\u201d hydrogen from plain water, with none of the problems associated with coal, oil or gas extraction and their waste byproducts?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/making-greener-than-green-hydrogen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-06-03T04:23:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-06-11T03:40:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/making-greener-than-green-hydrogen\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/making-greener-than-green-hydrogen\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dean Sigler\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e9c06a89f78d39fc03473ec90f4902a7\"},\"headline\":\"Making Greener-Than-Green Hydrogen\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-06-03T04:23:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-06-11T03:40:20+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/making-greener-than-green-hydrogen\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1233,\"commentCount\":0,\"keywords\":[\"Bill Gates\",\"blue hydrogen\",\"brown hydrogen\",\"Caltech\",\"Daniel Nocera\",\"green hydrogen\",\"Harvard University\",\"International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)\",\"Lancaster California\",\"Nathan S. 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