{"id":13787,"date":"2020-10-14T18:21:58","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T01:21:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=13787"},"modified":"2020-10-14T18:21:58","modified_gmt":"2020-10-15T01:21:58","slug":"black-silicon-cell-efficiency-above-130-percent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/black-silicon-cell-efficiency-above-130-percent\/","title":{"rendered":"Black-silicon Cell Efficiency above 130 Percent"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Aalto University in Espoo, Finland has announced a seemingly impossible breakthrough \u2013 black-silicon solar cells that exceed 100-percent efficiency.\u00a0 This breaks the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shockley%E2%80%93Queisser_limit\">Shockley-Queisser limit<\/a>, previously thought to be an unbreakable barrier to any solar cell generating more than 33.7-percent efficiency for a single p-n junction photovoltaic cell.\u00a0 The 1,000 Watts of sunlight falling on a square meter of single-junction solar cells could never produce more than 337 Watts to a battery or other receiving mechanism.\u00a0 William Shockley, a co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his co-creation of the transistor and Hans-Joachim<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans-Joachim_Queisser\"> Queisser<\/a>\u00a0defined this limit at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shockley_Semiconductor\">Shockley Semiconductor<\/a>\u00a0in 1961.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15541\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Aalto-electron-multiplication.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15541\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15541\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Aalto-electron-multiplication-528x297.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"297\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-15541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Light landing on forest-like black silicon generates more electrons than photons striking cell: 30-percent more in Aalto cells<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In a traditional\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solid_state_(electronics)\">solid-state<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semiconductor\">semiconductor<\/a>\u00a0such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silicon\">silicon<\/a>, a solar cell is made from two doped crystals. \u00a0One is an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N-type_semiconductor\">n-type semiconductor<\/a>, which has extra free\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electron\">electrons<\/a>, and the other a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/P-type_semiconductor\">p-type semiconductor<\/a>, which is lacking free electrons, referred to as &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electron_hole\">holes<\/a>.&#8221; When initially placed in contact with each other, some of the electrons in the n-type portion will flow into the p-type to &#8220;fill in&#8221; the missing electrons.<\/p>\n<p>For an overview of the limit and the physics involved, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.solarcellcentral.com\/limits_page.html\">this link provides some insights<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Even the Researchers Disbelieved<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aalto.fi\/en\/news\/black-silicon-photodetector-breaks-the-100-efficiency-limit\">Aalto reported<\/a> the new solar cell\u2019s \u201cefficiency was so high that at first the researchers had a hard time believing the result.\u201d \u00a0Their black silicon photodetector reached above 130-percent efficiency, exceeding the 100-percent external quantum efficiency limit at ultraviolet wavelengths.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Science in 1 minute: What properties does black silicon have?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rMFN4232y6M?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Professor\u00a0Hele Savin, head of the Electron Physics research group at the University explained, \u201cWhen we saw the results, we could hardly believe our eyes. Straight away we wanted to verify the results by independent measurements.\u201d\u00a0 To confirm the findings the German National Metrology Institute, <em>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt<\/em> (PTB), known for accurate and reliable measurement services, performed independent measurements.<\/p>\n<p>Dr\u00a0Lutz Werner, head of the PTB Laboratory of Detector Radiometry, commented, \u201cAfter seeing the results, I instantly realized that this is a significant breakthrough \u2013 and at the same time, a much-welcomed step forward for us metrologists dreaming of higher sensitivities.\u201d<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Unique nanostructures<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>If one photon hits the surface of a solar cell and generates one electron to an external circuit, the efficiency of the solar cell would be 100 percent.\u00a0 Most solar cells remain well below the Shockley-Queisser limit giving in electrical current only a portion of the solar energy striking them.\u00a0 Aalto\u2019s black silicon cells are unique in sending 1.3 electrons into the circuit for every photon strike.<\/p>\n<p>The University explains, \u201cThe researchers found out that the origin of the exceptionally high external quantum efficiency lies in the charge-carrier multiplication process inside silicon nanostructures that is triggered by high-energy photons. The phenomenon has not been observed earlier in actual devices since the presence of electrical and optical losses has reduced the number of collected electrons.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15546\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/aalto-responsivity.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15546\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15546\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/aalto-responsivity-528x297.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"297\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-15546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black silicon enables broader responsiveness to wider range of light wavelengths<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Professor Savin adds, \u201cWe can collect all multiplicated charge carriers without a need for separate external biasing as our nanostructured device is free of recombination and reflection losses.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Looking at the improvements possible in devices relying on solar cells, Dr.Mikko Juntunen<strong>,<\/strong> CEO of Aalto University spin-off company, Elfys Inc., notes, \u201cOur detectors are gaining a lot of attraction at the moment, especially in biotechnology and industrial process monitoring.\u201d\u00a0 Elfys already manufactures these black-silicon cells for commercial use.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Implications for Aerospace<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Imaging a Solar Impulse or Sunseeker Duo which needs far smaller wings and solar cell arrays.\u00a0 Aircraft performance could be enhanced, construction costs reduced, and general utility bordering that of many general aviation craft engendered.\u00a0 Reportedly lower costs of black silicon cells would certainly make their use an attractive proposition.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_15545\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/aalto-future-solar-plane.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15545\" class=\"size-large wp-image-15545\" src=\"http:\/\/sustainableskies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/aalto-future-solar-plane-528x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-15545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">More efficient solar cells would make smaller solar aircraft plausible as shown with early version of Calin Gologan&#8217;s PC Aero design<\/p><\/div>\n<h4><strong>Published Results<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Garin%2C+M\">M. Garin<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Heinonen%2C+J\">J. Heinonen<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Werner%2C+L\">L. Werner<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Pasanen%2C+T\">T.P. Pasanen<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=V%C3%A4h%C3%A4nissi%2C+V\">V. V\u00e4h\u00e4nissi<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Haarahiltunen%2C+A\">A. Haarahiltunen<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Juntunen%2C+M\">M. Juntunen<\/a>,\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/physics?searchtype=author&amp;query=Savin%2C+H\">H. Savin<\/a> published their findings under the title, \u201cBlack-silicon ultraviolet photodiodes achieve external quantum efficiency above 130%,\u201d in the journal, <em>Physical Review Letters<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.117702\">The abstract provides an overview and implications<\/a> for further research.\u00a0 &#8220;At present, ultraviolet sensors are utilized in numerous fields ranging from various spectroscopy applications via biotechnical innovations to industrial process control. Despite of this, the performance of current UV sensors is surprisingly poor. Here, we break the theoretical one photon &#8211; one electron barrier and demonstrate a device with a certified external quantum efficiency (EQE) above 130% in UV range without external amplification. The record high performance is obtained using a nanostructured silicon photodiode with self-induced junction. We show that the high efficiency is based on effective utilization of multiple carrier generation by impact ionization taking place in the nanostructures. While the results can readily have a significant impact on the UV-sensor industry, the underlying technological concept can be applied to other semiconductor materials, thereby extending above unity response to longer wavelengths and offering new perspectives for improving efficiencies beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fblack-silicon-cell-efficiency-above-130-percent%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aalto University in Espoo, Finland has announced a seemingly impossible breakthrough \u2013 black-silicon solar cells that exceed 100-percent efficiency.\u00a0 This breaks the Shockley-Queisser limit, previously thought to be an unbreakable barrier to any solar cell generating more than 33.7-percent efficiency for a single p-n junction photovoltaic cell.\u00a0 The 1,000 Watts of sunlight falling on a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7568,6834,14],"tags":[10325,10326,10327,323,10328,10329,10330,10331,10332,10333,10334,10335,10336,10337,924,3225,10338,10339,3368,181,68,2855,10340,10341,10342],"class_list":["post-13787","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-announcements","category-solar-power","category-sustainable_ga","tag-a-haarahiltunen","tag-alto-university","tag-black-silicon","tag-calin-gologan","tag-dr-lutz-werner","tag-dr-mikko-juntunen","tag-elfys-inc","tag-german-national-metrology-institute","tag-h-savin","tag-hans-joachim-queisser","tag-j-heinonen","tag-l-werner","tag-m-garin","tag-m-juntunen","tag-nobel-prize","tag-physical-review-letters","tag-physikalisch-technische-bundesanstalt-ptb","tag-ptb-laboratory-of-detector-radiometry","tag-shockley-queisser-limit","tag-solar-cells","tag-solar-impulse","tag-sunseeker-duo","tag-t-p-pasanen","tag-v-vahanissi","tag-william-shockley"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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