{"id":7514,"date":"2013-03-06T14:38:10","date_gmt":"2013-03-06T21:38:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=7514"},"modified":"2013-03-06T14:38:10","modified_gmt":"2013-03-06T21:38:10","slug":"new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\/","title":{"rendered":"New \u201cLeaf\u201d Turns Over More Energy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Scientists have been working on imitating nature\u2019s ability to photosynthesize the sun\u2019s energy, much as plants turn that energy into food for their health and growth.\u00a0 Daniel Nocera, for instance, created an <a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=5817\">artificial leaf<\/a> that split water into oxygen and hydrogen that could fire up a small fuel cell and run an electric light.\u00a0 According to a Science Pub lecture your editor recently attended, an eight-ounce glass of water can power a 60-Watt bulb for 20 hours. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KTtmU2lD97o\">\u00a0Nocera, in a Pop! Tech talk<\/a>, claims an Olympic-size swimming pool could supply all the world\u2019s energy needs.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Dan Nocera: Personalized Energy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KTtmU2lD97o?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Nocera now works at Harvard, but researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), his former home, are taking his work further, detailing all the limitations that keep his \u201cartificial leaf\u201d from giving off more storable energy.<\/p>\n<p>As explained in the MIT press release, \u201cThe original demonstration leaf, in 2011, had low efficiencies, converting less than 4.7 percent of sunlight into fuel\u2026 But the team\u2019s new analysis shows that efficiencies of 16 percent or more should now be possible using single-bandgap semiconductors, such as crystalline silicon.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>MIT researchers were surprised at that output, formerly believing that silicon solar cells would be limited in their ability to split water.\u00a0 MIT postdoctoral candidate Mark Winkler (now at IBM) explains, \u201cYou\u2019ve just got to question the conventional wisdom sometimes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>One limitation was the 0.7 Volt output of a standard solar cell.\u00a0 Water-splitting needs more than 1.2 volts. Researchers think pairing multiple solar cells in series might generate the necessary Voltage, even with losses at cell interfaces.<\/p>\n<p>The water itself resists the electrons\u2019 travel, so researchers are looking at ways to lower that resistance; including reducing the distance the ions must travel through the water.<\/p>\n<p>Cassandra Cox, a former MIT graduate student now at Harvard says, \u201cThe solution resistance is challenging,\u201d but there are \u201csome tricks\u201d that might help to reduce that resistance, such as reducing the distance between the two sides of the reaction by using interleaved plates.<\/p>\n<p>MIT associate professor of mechanical engineering Tonio Buonassisi thinks that the team\u2019s simulations have opened the path to \u201cdetermine the limits of efficiency\u201d for such cells.\u00a0\u00a0 That limit is about 16 percent for silicon: about 18 percent for gallium arsenide cells.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7517\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?attachment_id=7517\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7517\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7517\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7517\" title=\"An artificial leaf  design by Nocera\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/An-artificial-leaf-desig-0071.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/An-artificial-leaf-desig-0071.jpg 460w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/An-artificial-leaf-desig-0071-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7517\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Nocera&#8217;s artificial leaf with its natural counterpart<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Such research gives credibility to Nocera\u2019s claims of being able to distribute power to people who are far removed from the grid, and could eventually prove helpful in being able to generate commercial levels of hydrogen, with only potable water as a byproduct.\u00a0 Low-cost material alternatives in such cells could help provide energy and water anywhere in the world, two necessities in short supply for the poorest among us.<\/p>\n<p>The team\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2013\/02\/27\/1301532110\">findings were published<\/a> in January in the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America<\/em> under the title, \u201cModeling integrated photovoltaic\u2013electrochemical devices using steady-state equivalent circuits.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The work was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Singapore National Research Foundation through the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, and the Chesonis Family Foundation.<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fnew-leaf-turns-over-more-energy%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientists have been working on imitating nature\u2019s ability to photosynthesize the sun\u2019s energy, much as plants turn that energy into food for their health and growth.\u00a0 Daniel Nocera, for instance, created an artificial leaf that split water into oxygen and hydrogen that could fire up a small fuel cell and run an electric light.\u00a0 According [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,14],"tags":[2297,3284,3281,2294,59,3285,3288,62,3283,208,775,3286,1864,3287,2945,3280,3278,3279,3282],"class_list":["post-7514","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-electric_powerplants","category-sustainable_ga","tag-artificial-leaf","tag-cassandra-cox","tag-chesonis-family-foundation","tag-daniel-nocera","tag-fuel-cells","tag-gallium-arsenide","tag-harvard-university","tag-hydrogen","tag-mark-winkler","tag-massachusetts-institute-of-technology","tag-mit","tag-modeling-integrated-photovoltaic-electrochemical-devices-using-steady-state-equivalent-circuits","tag-national-science-foundation","tag-pop-tech-talk","tag-proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-of-the-united-states-of-america","tag-singapore-mit-alliance-for-research-and-technology","tag-the-air-force-office-of-scientific-research","tag-the-singapore-national-research-foundation","tag-tonio-buonassisi"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>New \u201cLeaf\u201d Turns Over More Energy - CAFE Foundation Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New \u201cLeaf\u201d Turns Over More Energy - CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists have been working on imitating nature\u2019s ability to photosynthesize the sun\u2019s energy, much as plants turn that energy into food for their health and growth.\u00a0 Daniel Nocera, for instance, created an artificial leaf that split water into oxygen and hydrogen that could fire up a small fuel cell and run an electric light.\u00a0 According [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-03-06T21:38:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/An-artificial-leaf-desig-0071.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dean Sigler\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e9c06a89f78d39fc03473ec90f4902a7\"},\"headline\":\"New \u201cLeaf\u201d Turns Over More Energy\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-03-06T21:38:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":537,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/new-leaf-turns-over-more-energy\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/cafe.foundation\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/03\\\/An-artificial-leaf-desig-0071.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"artificial leaf\",\"Cassandra Cox\",\"Chesonis Family Foundation\",\"Daniel Nocera\",\"Fuel Cells\",\"gallium arsenide\",\"Harvard University\",\"Hydrogen\",\"Mark Winkler\",\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\",\"MIT\",\"Modeling integrated photovoltaic\u2013electrochemical devices using steady-state equivalent circuits\",\"National Science Foundation\",\"Pop! 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