{"id":8717,"date":"2014-03-08T00:12:33","date_gmt":"2014-03-08T07:12:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=8717"},"modified":"2014-03-10T14:34:18","modified_gmt":"2014-03-10T21:34:18","slug":"flow-batteries-stanford-lichtenstein","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/flow-batteries-stanford-lichtenstein\/","title":{"rendered":"Flow Batteries at Stanford and in Lichtenstein"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Dr. Yi Cui is a Stanford University associate professor of materials science and engineering and a member of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, a joint institute with SLAC, the National Acceleration Laboratory.\u00a0 He has spoken at three Electric Aircraft Symposiums, and has worked for at least the last decade on various technologies and tactics to bring battery science to a high level.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>His latest effort involves \u201ca low-cost, long-life battery that could enable solar and wind energy to become major suppliers to the electrical grid,\u201d according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www6.slac.stanford.edu\/news\/2013-04-24-polysulfide-flowbattery.aspx\">a press release from SLAC<\/a>.\u00a0 Dr. Cui says, \u201cWe believe our new battery may be the best yet designed to regulate the natural fluctuations of these alternative energies.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Of concern to drivers of electric vehicles and future pilots, the electrical grid may have trouble keeping up with recharging needs of large numbers of cars, buses and even Boeing SUGAR (Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research) Liners.\u00a0 Wind and solar have the well-known deficits of shutting down after dark or during lulls in the breeze, respectively.\u00a0 It would be nice to have energy storage capabilities to ride out these lax spells, much as the Solar Impulse flies through the night on its batteries.<\/p>\n<p>Such storage would have to be inexpensive to compete with fossil-fuel powered generators and scalable to megawatt levels.<\/p>\n<p>Flow batteries offer some of those characteristics, pumping two different liquids through a chamber where they interact \u2013 the most common outcome being a \u201credox\u201d, or reduction-oxidation reaction where the two electrolytes with different valences press against two sides of a membrane separating them, react, and generate current.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Lithium-Polysulfide Flow Battery Demonstration\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/q-qrUBMoqLs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The first such battery, created in 1884 by Captain Charles Renard, powered the Airship La France, and flew several trips around the Paris area.\u00a0 The zinc\/chlorine battery was \u201cfueled\u201d by its own on-board chlorine generator.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8722\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-la-france.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8722\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8722\" alt=\"La France was fully controllable electric airship with a 436 kilogram (960 pound) flow battery\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-la-france-528x297.jpg\" width=\"528\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-la-france-528x297.jpg 528w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-la-france-300x168.jpg 300w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-la-france.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8722\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La France was a fully controllable electric airship with a 436 kilogram (960 pound) flow battery<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Modern versions of the flow battery, according to SLAC \u201cpump two different liquids through an interaction chamber where dissolved molecules undergo chemical reactions that store or give up energy. The chamber contains a membrane that only allows ions not involved in reactions to pass between the liquids while keeping the active ions physically separated. This battery design has two major drawbacks: the high cost of liquids containing rare materials such as vanadium \u2013 especially in the huge quantities needed for grid storage \u2013 and the membrane, which is also very expensive and requires frequent maintenance.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8723\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-US_flow_battery.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8723\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8723 \" alt=\"Stanford flow battery compared to &quot;conventional&quot; flow battery\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-US_flow_battery-528x598.jpg\" width=\"528\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-US_flow_battery-528x598.jpg 528w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-US_flow_battery-264x300.jpg 264w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/quant-US_flow_battery.jpg 990w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8723\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">These diagrams compare Stanford\/SLAC&#8217;s new lithium-polysulfide flow battery design with conventional &#8220;redox&#8221; flow batteries. The new flow battery uses only one tank and pump and uses a simple coating instead of an expensive membrane to separate the anode and cathode. (Illustration: Greg Stewart\/SLAC)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Instead of pricey vanadium-laden liquids, the Stanford battery uses inexpensive lithium and sulfur, and does away with the costly high-maintenance membrane. \u00a0&#8220;In initial lab tests, the new battery also retained excellent energy-storage performance through more than 2,000 charges and discharges, equivalent to more than 5.5 years of daily cycles,&#8221; Cui said.\u00a0 Flow cells can also have higher energy and power densities than conventional batteries.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Dr. Cui and his team published their findings in the May issue of\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2013\/EE\/C3EE00072A\">Energy &amp; Environmental Science<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Now, if only someone could make this type of flow battery mobile \u2013 at least small enough to power a car \u2013 or even an airplane.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8724\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Quant-concept-view.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8724\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8724\" alt=\"Conceptual view of QUANT's sophisticated drive system\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Quant-concept-view-528x452.jpg\" width=\"528\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Quant-concept-view-528x452.jpg 528w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Quant-concept-view-300x256.jpg 300w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Quant-concept-view.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8724\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conceptual view of QUANT&#8217;s sophisticated drive system<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Perhaps that hope has come true.\u00a0 nanoFLOWCELL, a Lichtenstein based company, displayed their QUANT e-Sportslimousine at this week\u2019s Geneva Motor Show.<\/p>\n<p>Its appearance is provocative, with the gull-wing doors luring one into the four-seat interior.\u00a0 The specifications are even more noteworthy, though.<\/p>\n<p>nanoFLOWCELL claims a range of 400 to 600 kilometers (249 to 373 miles) for the vehicle, which rolls on four wheels each powered by a 120 kilowatt (160 horsepower) continuous, 170 kW (228 hp) peak, motor.\u00a0 Torque per wheel is an astonishing 2,900 N\u00b7m (2,139 lb-ft), with well-controlled all-wheel drive and \u201ctorque vectoring\u201d enabling a 0-62 mph time of 2.8 seconds.\u00a0 Supercapacitors store energy from regenerative braking and act as a general energy buffer for the car\u2019s electrical system.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery &quot;VRFB&quot; Works\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0Uk0GQNgtqg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">The Quant\u2019s flow cell uses \u201ctwo different electrolytic solutions\u2026 pumped through the appropriate battery cell in which an electrode (anode or cathode) is located. A membrane separates the two electrolyte chambers and their differing chemistries. At a nominal voltage of 600 Volts and 50 Amps nominal current, the system in the lab is achieving continuous output of 30 kW (40.2 horsepower).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">nanoFLOWCELL claims its (unspecified) fluids have a \u201clarge increase in the number of charge carriers\u201d and enable the flow battery to produce a specific energy about five times that of a lithium-ion battery, or 600 Watt-hours per kilogram compared to 120 Wh\/kg.\u00a0 Higher grades of lithium batteries claim 190-200 Wh\/kg, making the comparison 3:1, but notable nonetheless.\u00a0 They also claim 10,000 charging cycles with no noticeable memory effect and \u201calmost no self-discharging.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The QUANT carries two 200-liter (53 gallons US) tanks for a total energy capacity of 120 kWh.\u00a0 Driving at the \u201clower load range\u201d and not doing jack-rabbit starts, energy consumption is about 20 kWh per 100 kilometers (62 miles).\u00a0 This would imply a driving endurance of six hours at unknown speeds.<\/p>\n<p>These special liquids, once discharged, must be replaced, two different types in the two on-board tanks.\u00a0 Refilling will be quick, although one would need to take care to put the right liquid in each tank.\u00a0 Here, too, there would need to be a distribution network in place to allow drives to distant electrolyte pumps.\u00a0 Increasing the tank volume of the QUANT e-Sportlimousine to 800 liters would be possible, according to the company.<\/p>\n<p>In February, nanoFLOWCELL AG announced a partnership with Bosch Engineering GmbH to further develop vehicle electronics for the QUANT e-Sportlimousine.\u00a0 This gives some credence to the company\u2019s ambitions.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"QUANT e-Sportlimousine with nanoFLOWCELL\u00ae drive\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RqLpqR0SPnQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, nanoFLOWCELL has produced a poetic, expensive promotional video to match their prototype vehicle.\u00a0 Just remember that in place of \u201csalt water\u201d think \u201ctwo very special types of salt water.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fflow-batteries-stanford-lichtenstein%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Yi Cui is a Stanford University associate professor of materials science and engineering and a member of the Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, a joint institute with SLAC, the National Acceleration Laboratory.\u00a0 He has spoken at three Electric Aircraft Symposiums, and has worked for at least the last decade on various technologies [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,14],"tags":[4870,4869,4865,139,1713,4862,4864,4868,4861,4860,4867,4863,4476,925,4871,4866],"class_list":["post-8717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-electric_powerplants","category-sustainable_ga","tag-boeing-sugar-subsonic-ultra-green-aircraft-research-liner","tag-bosch-engineering-gmbh","tag-captain-charles-renard","tag-dr-yi-cui","tag-energy-environmental-science","tag-flow-batteries","tag-la-france-dirigible","tag-lithium-polysulfide-flow-battery","tag-nanoflowcell","tag-quant-e-sportslimousine","tag-redox-flow-battery","tag-slac-national-acceleration-laboratory","tag-stanford-institute-for-materials-and-energy-sciences","tag-supercapacitors","tag-wesley-guang-yuan-zheng","tag-zincchlorine-flow-battery"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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