{"id":8741,"date":"2014-03-19T14:32:30","date_gmt":"2014-03-19T21:32:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=8741"},"modified":"2014-03-19T14:32:30","modified_gmt":"2014-03-19T21:32:30","slug":"caging-hydrogen-self-assembling-origami-structures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/caging-hydrogen-self-assembling-origami-structures\/","title":{"rendered":"Caging Hydrogen in Self-assembling Origami Structures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Let\u2019s say that you\u2019re really good at folding pieces of paper into miniature birds such as cranes, or life-size elephants, something <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mabonaorigami.com\/en\/artist\/artist.html  \">origami artist Sipho Mabona <\/a>did recently, starting with a 50-foot by 50-foot piece of paper (he had help from up to 40 others). \u00a0\u00a0The paper elephant, including a metal subframe to support it, weighs over 500 pounds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"WHITE ELEPHANT time-lapse\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/88894219?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>How about using origami to trap hydrogen in a novel approach to storing energy for fuel cells?\u00a0 Only, instead of paper, you might use sheets of graphene cleverly folded into cages no more than a few nanometers across \u2013 the opposite of the elephant in the art gallery.\u00a0 Researchers at the University of Maryland\u2019s Department of Mechanical Engineering and Maryland NanoCenter, have done just that, but so far just as a simulation of the molecular dynamics involved.\u00a0 They have demonstrated that such cages can be opened and closed \u201cin response to an electrical charge using a technique they call hydrogenation-assisted graphene origami (HAGO). The cages can stably store hydrogen molecules at a density of 9.7 wt % hydrogen\u2014significantly above the US Department of Energy (DOE) target of 5.5 wt % by 2017 and 7.5 wt % by 2020,\u201d according to the University.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8743\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-nn-2014-00025t_0008.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8743\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8743\" alt=\"Simplified view of graphene being affected by hydrogenation, electrical impulses to auto-fold into nanocage\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-nn-2014-00025t_0008.gif\" width=\"500\" height=\"144\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8743\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simplified view of graphene being affected by hydrogenation, electrical impulses to auto-fold into nanocage<\/p><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/nn500025t\">Shuze Zhu and Teng Li\u2019s paper<\/a>, \u201cHydrogenation-Assisted Graphene Origami and Its Application in Programmable Molecular Mass Uptake, Storage, and Release,\u201d\u00a0in the American Chemical Society\u2019s journal <i>ACS Nano<\/i> describes their work and the potential to reach even higher densities in the future.<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2jFDD-nqYm8<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps most surprising is that the graphene folds itself, which is a good thing, considering the tiny fingers that would be required otherwise.\u00a0 As a bonus, the auto-folded graphene is \u201cenergetically more favorable and thus more stable than the original building block,\u201d according to the researchers.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8745\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-high-density-6a00d8341c4fbe53ef01a51186dcc6970c-800wi.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8745\" class=\"size-large wp-image-8745\" alt=\"(a)High density hydrogen storage in HAGO-enabled graphene nanocage, with a weighted percentage of 9.7 percent, beyond the US Department of Energy (DOE) ultimate goal of 7.5 percent for hydrogen storage. For visual clarity, only half of the nanocage is shown. Illustration: ACS, Zhu and Li  (b)Note that the density of hydrogen stored in a cubic nanometer of a graphene nanocage increases with the length of the nanocage\u2019s side, promising at small scale, at least.  Whether such a reaction can be scaled to practical uses remains to be seen.\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-high-density-6a00d8341c4fbe53ef01a51186dcc6970c-800wi-528x199.jpg\" width=\"528\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-high-density-6a00d8341c4fbe53ef01a51186dcc6970c-800wi-528x199.jpg 528w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-high-density-6a00d8341c4fbe53ef01a51186dcc6970c-800wi-300x113.jpg 300w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-high-density-6a00d8341c4fbe53ef01a51186dcc6970c-800wi.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8745\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(a) High density hydrogen storage in HAGO-enabled graphene nanocage, with a weighted percentage of 9.7 percent, beyond the US Department of Energy (DOE) ultimate goal of 7.5 percent for hydrogen storage. For visual clarity, only half of the nanocage is shown. Illustration: ACS, Zhu and Li<br \/>(b) Note that the density of hydrogen stored in a cubic nanometer of a graphene nanocage increases with the length of the nanocage\u2019s side, promising at small scale, at least. Whether such a reaction can be scaled to practical uses remains to be seen.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bonding hydrogen into that structure (hydrogenation) changes the graphene from a simple two-dimensional surface (sp<sup>2<\/sup>) into a three-dimensional structures (sp<sup>3<\/sup>) such as nanocages, which depending on the way in which hydrogen is applied to the graphene, can be hexahedral, octahedral, and even something called \u201cnanobaskets.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Apparently, if the graphene is hydrogenated on only one side, or surface, it bends away from the hydrogen and \u201cthe accumulated distortion can effectively fold the graphene along the hydrogenation lines to a certain angle.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8746\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8746\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8746\" alt=\"Graphene in sp2 form\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp2.jpg\" width=\"388\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp2.jpg 388w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp2-300x255.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8746\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphene in sp2 form<\/p><\/div>\n<p>According to the paper, \u201cIf the graphene is hydrogenated on both sides, the resulting hydrogenated graphene (termed as graphane) would overall retain a planar morphology because the local distortions of the C-C bonds neutralize each other.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8747\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8747\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8747\" alt=\"Graphene in sp3 form\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp3.jpg\" width=\"388\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp3.jpg 388w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-sp3-300x255.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8747\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphene in sp3 form<\/p><\/div>\n<p>HAGO-enabled nanocages or baskets controlled by electrical inputs could take in and release hydrogen or other nanoparticles such as fullerenes, enabling storage of energy for use as desired.\u00a0 These inputs and reactions are quick, taking place in picoseconds (a picosecond is one-trillionth of a second \u2013 the time it takes light to travel 1\/3 of a millimeter).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8748\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-timing.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8748\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8748 \" alt=\"Opening and closing of graphene nanocage takes place in picoseconds\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-timing.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-timing.jpg 500w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-timing-300x107.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8748\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Opening and closing of graphene nanocage takes place in picoseconds, totally opposite the glacial pace of folding a 500-pound paper elephant<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Such a storage system could more than equal lithium-ion batteries for energy density and supercapacitors for the speed at which energy can be stored and released.\u00a0 The scale approaches quantum physics miniaturization, and could be a new way to not only store energy, but to see the world we think we know so well.<\/p>\n<p>The US National Science Foundation supported the team\u2019s research.<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fcaging-hydrogen-self-assembling-origami-structures%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Let\u2019s say that you\u2019re really good at folding pieces of paper into miniature birds such as cranes, or life-size elephants, something origami artist Sipho Mabona did recently, starting with a 50-foot by 50-foot piece of paper (he had help from up to 40 others). \u00a0\u00a0The paper elephant, including a metal subframe to support it, weighs [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,14],"tags":[4892,3456,1830,4395,24,4887,4889,4888,1864,4890,4891,889],"class_list":["post-8741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-electric_powerplants","category-sustainable_ga","tag-acs","tag-acs-nano","tag-american-chemical-society","tag-energy-storage","tag-graphene","tag-hydrogenation","tag-nanobaskets","tag-nanocages","tag-national-science-foundation","tag-shuze-zhu","tag-teng-li","tag-university-of-maryland"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This 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paper elephant, including a metal subframe to support it, weighs [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/caging-hydrogen-self-assembling-origami-structures\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CAFE Foundation Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-03-19T21:32:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/origami-nn-2014-00025t_0008.gif\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dean Sigler\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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