{"id":9110,"date":"2014-07-17T14:07:55","date_gmt":"2014-07-17T21:07:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/?p=9110"},"modified":"2014-07-17T14:07:55","modified_gmt":"2014-07-17T21:07:55","slug":"batteries-fuel-cells-something-else","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/batteries-fuel-cells-something-else\/","title":{"rendered":"Batteries, Fuel Cells \u2013 or Something Else?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">We\u2019re coming to a parting of the ways in energy storage development for electric cars.\u00a0 Or we may be coming to a joining of technologies in new and previously unimagined ways.\u00a0 One side, led by Elon Musk and his Tesla Empire, promotes battery power and development.\u00a0 Yet, in Tesla\u2019s home state of California, government and private investments in hydrogen vehicles is growing.\u00a0 \u00a0Several Asian and European automakers are bringing out fuel cell powered vehicles in the face of low numbers of existing fueling stations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>For all the promotion from either side, future \u201cgreen\u201d cars may become too expensive for private ownership, and various approaches to providing personal mobility may replace the traditional owner-driver model.\u00a0 Regardless of the outcomes or market shares, the technology will be applicable to personal aviation, although perhaps at a significant price.<\/p>\n<p><b>Battery-Powered Vehicles Lead \u2013 For Now<\/b><\/p>\n<p>According to <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.evworld.com\/news.cfm?newsid=33579\">EV World<\/a><\/em>, \u201cIn the last year, global registrations of electric vehicles from the first three years of the market reached 500,000 units. The U.S. plays a dominant role, with 200,000 vehicles registered, more than one-third of those in California.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9111\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cell-x-frame-all-electric-vehicle-green-car.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9111\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9111\" alt=\"Nagoya University EV shows that future transport may not resemble familiar vehicles\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cell-x-frame-all-electric-vehicle-green-car.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cell-x-frame-all-electric-vehicle-green-car.jpg 500w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cell-x-frame-all-electric-vehicle-green-car-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9111\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nagoya University EV shows that future transport may not resemble familiar vehicles<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The article lists the different types of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) available and speculates that the wide range of technologies helps explain their rapid acceptance.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs \u2013 i.e. Ford Fusion); similar to HEVs, but with bigger batteries and the ability to store electricity from plugging into an outlet.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs \u2013 i.e. Chevy Volt); similar to PHEVs, with increased electric range.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>BEVx: (BMW i3 with range extender); similar to BEVs, but with a small internal combustion (ICE) engine to extend driving range<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs \u2013 i.e. Nissan LEAF); utilize rechargeable battery packs<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><i>&#8220;Large Battery BEV&#8221; (Tesla Model S); BEVs with range similar to gasoline vehicles.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>With Tesla leading the charges for its own<a href=\"http:\/\/www.teslamotors.com\/blog\/gigafactory\"> \u201cGigafactory\u201d <\/a>for battery production, the company\u2019s blog predicts that the operation will, \u201creduce cell costs much faster than the status quo and, by 2020, produce more lithium ion batteries annually than were produced worldwide in 2013. By the end of the first year of volume production of our mass market vehicle, we expect the Gigafactory will have driven down the per kWh cost of our battery pack by more than 30 percent.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9112\" style=\"width: 538px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fule-cells-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9112\" class=\"size-large wp-image-9112\" alt=\"Large numbers of individual cells help drive down unit costs as production increases.  This pack is from Nissan's Sunderland, UK plant\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fule-cells-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629-528x352.jpg\" width=\"528\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fule-cells-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629-528x352.jpg 528w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fule-cells-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629-300x200.jpg 300w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fule-cells-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Large numbers of individual cells help drive down unit costs as production increases. This pack is from Nissan&#8217;s Sunderland, UK plant<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Competitors such as A123 in America, Kokam in South Korea, Panasonic and Toshiba in Japan, and a multiplicity of European and Asian manufacturers produce enormous numbers of pouch and cylindrical cells for everything from laptops and cell phones to buses and trucks.<\/p>\n<p>Batteries, because of their high count in electric vehicles, command interest for large-scale mass production, exactly where Elon Musk is directing his energies. Between Superchargers being installed nationwide by Tesla, strategically-placed chargers installed on state and federal highways, and thousands showing up in parking lots throughout urban areas, locating a place to \u201cfill up\u201d is getting to be less anxiety provoking for battery-driven EV owners. \u00a0Home chargers are dropping to as low at $395.<\/p>\n<p>Aside from the 20-minute full charge a Tesla Supercharger makes possible, \u201ctopping up\u201d ones batteries is still time consuming for most cars \u2013 fine with a home charger, or one in the boss\u2019s parking garage, but less desirable on long trips.<\/p>\n<p><b>The Hydrogen Alternative \u2013 Starting Late but Coming on Strong<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Others are banking on hydrogen as the fuel of the future, using fuel cells to power the motors in their electric cars.\u00a0 With fuel cell cars coming from Toyota, Honda and Hyundai, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/drive\/technology\/hydrogen_fuelcell.html\">the Calfornia Energy Commission<\/a> is pressing ahead to open new H2 fueling stations in the state by 2015. \u00a0Using $27.2 million in CEC grants and $7.2 million from Toyota, FirstElement Fuel will build 19 of these, another nine will come from grants to other proposals, and other stations are either already in place or being planned by automotive or fuel companies.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9113\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cells-Fuel-Cell-Car-EPA-OK25jul02.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9113\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9113\" alt=\"The motor in an EV doesn't care if the current flows from a battery or a fuel cell\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cells-Fuel-Cell-Car-EPA-OK25jul02.gif\" width=\"400\" height=\"347\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9113\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The motor in an EV doesn&#8217;t care if the current flows from a battery or a fuel cell<\/p><\/div>\n<p>H2 advocates say their vehicles can go 400 miles between fill-ups \u2013 much like modern gasoline vehicles. \u00a0\u00a0Tesla claims 265 miles between charging stops, and Leafs generally manage about100 miles on a \u201cfull\u201d battery. Others are limited to being city cars because of even lower range.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5em;\">Even quadrupling the number of hydrogen refueling stations will limit fuel cell cars to Bay Area and SoCal locations for the time being.\u00a0\u00a0 One wonders how many stations exist in the area where Hyundai is releasing its first fuel cell vehicles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Toyota\u2019s FCV, destined for sales initially in California, will still be stretching its 300-mile range to make it from LA to San Francisco.\u00a0\u00a0 Developers will need to work hard to even come close to the 13,500 gasoline stations that dot the landscape in the state.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_9114\" style=\"width: 498px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cells-eu_road_tour_488x206.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9114\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9114\" alt=\"Honda's 2012 European Read Tour demonstrated range of H2-powered cars\" src=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cells-eu_road_tour_488x206.jpg\" width=\"488\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cells-eu_road_tour_488x206.jpg 488w, http:\/\/cafe.foundation\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/batteries-vs-fuel-cells-eu_road_tour_488x206-300x126.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-9114\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Honda&#8217;s 2012 European Read Tour demonstrated range of H2-powered cars<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Toyota\u2019s National Manager of Advanced Technologies Craig Scott says that although fuel cell cars have been practical options for years, the infrastructure doesn\u2019t yet exist to support their common use.<\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"http:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2014\/07\/09\/fuel-cell-cars-are-going-to-get-a-big-boost-in-california-next-year\/\">Techcrunch.com<\/a>, \u201cThe simultaneous\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/releases\/2014_releases\/2014-05-01_hydrogen_refueling_stations_funding_awards_nr.html\" target=\"_blank\">expansion of hydrogen infrastructure<\/a>\u00a0and the release of cars that can take advantage of them from Toyota, Honda and Hyundai in 2015 will have accelerating effects on the industry overall. Because of the availability of stations, Toyota is now able to move their hydrogen platform into mass production, which brings significant cost savings as the company\u00a0can start bringing in parts from its other powertrains and build fewer parts \u201cby hand\u201d in limited quantities.\u201d\u00a0 The FCV\u2019s price of $65,000 puts it solidly in Lexus\/Audi\/Porsche territory, and may prevent broader acceptance even as Tesla brings out its projected $35,000 Model III.<\/p>\n<p>Joel Ewanick, FirstElement\u2019s CEO, thinks costs for new H2 stations will drop by up to 50 percent over the next decade, and that those stations will be profitable within five years. He claims that 33 percent of hydrogen at his stations in southern California will come from renewable biogas, a mandated minimum required by the state.\u00a0 35 percent of H2 in northern California will come from similar renewable energy, a necessary condition to make such fuels truly clean.\u00a0 By comparison, electricity used to charge competitors in the Green Flight Challenge came from geothermal sites in Geyserville, making GFC competitors truly green aircraft.<\/p>\n<p><b>Hybrid Alternatives?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Donald Sadoway, Professor of Materials Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), thinks neither battery nor hydrogen cars are ready for prime time, but he reserves the greater criticism for fuel cells, citing their expense, the use of high-priced platinum, questions of safety, and lack of infrastructure.\u00a0 Elon Musk and Renault-Nissan\u2019s Carlos Ghosn both back batteries and downplay fuel cells.\u00a0 So why are other demonstrably smart players in the market backing hydrogen and investing huge amounts on a very big bet?<\/p>\n<p>Alternatives come in the form of the BMW i3, which offers an optional \u201crange extender\u201d to supplement the car\u2019s on-board batteries.\u00a0 Like a hybrid, the small internal combustion engine kicks in to carry the i3 beyond its limited battery range.\u00a0 Despite this hedging of their bets, BMW\u2019s board member Ian Robertson predicts greater battery development in the next three to four years than in the previous 100 years.\u00a0 Dr Sadoway doesn\u2019t expect that much even by 2030 without \u201cmassive new investment.\u201d\u00a0 He thinks that a $20,000, 125-mile range EV could be successful.<\/p>\n<p>As the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/article\/20140712\/AUTO01\/307120017#ixzz37VS9wYo4\"><i>Detroit News<\/i> <\/a>suggests, this battle between battery backers and H2 proponents may leave plug-in hybrids as the current victors in the sales battle.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rolling Your Own<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b><\/b>Of course, creative types may turn to generating their own hydrogen.\u00a0 After all, if one can spend $1,000 to install a 240-Volt electrical service to connect a $500 EV charger, why not install a hydrogen system to power the house, fuel the car and possibly the fuel cells for the personal aircraft?\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/hydrogen-house\/\">Initial costs of around $100,000 <\/a>may stunt such interests, but we will undoubtedly see those costs go down, just as they have for batteries and charging systems.\u00a0 When such changes at higher levels take place, they inevitably become part of daily life \u2013 witness flat screen TVs, personal computers, and even cell phones \u2013 once toys for the One Percent, and now commodities for all.<\/p>\n<p>Competition will probably sort out the eventual winners, or we will learn to live with multiple choices that could provide better, cleaner technology for our future flights.<\/p>\n<div id=\"facebook_like\"><iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/plugins\/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fcafe.foundation%2Fblog%2Fbatteries-fuel-cells-something-else%2F&amp;layout=standard&amp;show_faces=true&amp;width=500&amp;action=like&amp;font=segoe+ui&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;height=80\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none; overflow:hidden; width:500px; height:80px;\" allowTransparency=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We\u2019re coming to a parting of the ways in energy storage development for electric cars.\u00a0 Or we may be coming to a joining of technologies in new and previously unimagined ways.\u00a0 One side, led by Elon Musk and his Tesla Empire, promotes battery power and development.\u00a0 Yet, in Tesla\u2019s home state of California, government and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,3,14],"tags":[371,5243,5239,1283,2467,59,1733,5242,99,2204,5240,239,775,786,4113,4567,2076,5244,2034,5241,2410],"class_list":["post-9110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-electric_powerplants","category-gfc","category-sustainable_ga","tag-a123-batteries","tag-bmw-i3","tag-dr-donald-sadoway","tag-elon-musk","tag-ev-world","tag-fuel-cells","tag-geothermal-electric-generation","tag-gigafactory","tag-green-flight-challenge","tag-honda","tag-hyundai","tag-kokam-batteries","tag-mit","tag-panasonic-batteries","tag-range-extender","tag-renault","tag-scientific-american","tag-techcrunch-com","tag-tesla-motors","tag-toshiba-batteries","tag-toyota"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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